Changes between Version 1 and Version 2 of DevelopmentModule

Timestamp:

May 31, 2017, 1:55:47 AM (7 years ago)

Author:

xkovar3

Comment:

--

DevelopmentModule

@@ -17 +17 @@
 However, we still thought that we can minimise the amount of native speakers' technical input, in order to get technically well-designed grammars with minimum technical effort of native speakers of the respective languages.
 
-Therefore, we have designed a rather short electronic questionnaire consisting of questions about syntax a word ordering rules (including many examples) of the particular language, which can be used for creating a sketch grammar by a human technical expert who does not understand the language, however, is very familiar with the sketch grammar formalism and knows its options and problems. Filling-in the questionnaire for 1 language took the native speakers roughly 2 hours on average, and the following processing by the technical expert 2-4 days per language. Of course, to fine-tune the grammar there is further communication with the native speakers needed, but even the first version was usable for all the languages.
+Therefore, we have designed a rather short electronic questionnaire consisting of questions about syntax and word ordering rules (including many examples) of the particular language, which can be used for creating a sketch grammar by a human technical expert who does not understand the language, however, is very familiar with the sketch grammar formalism and knows its options and problems. Filling-in the questionnaire for 1 language took the native speakers roughly 2 hours on average, and the following processing by the technical expert 2-4 days per language. Of course, to fine-tune the grammar, there is further communication with the native speakers needed, but even the first version was usable for all the languages.
 
 We have applied this methodology to the 6 languages within the project: Norwegian, Czech, Amharic, Afaan Oromo, Tigrinya, and Somali. The results are described in deliverables D4.4a-d, and we can conclude that this procedure was successful: no more we need a technically skilled language expert familiar with the sketch grammar formalism; rather than that, a sketch grammar can be written by a non-native-speaker technical expert with a rather minor computer-aided help of the native speaker.
 
-The developed questionnaire is attached below:
-
-
-
+The developed questionnaire is attached below, both as HTML and PDF:
+
+= Word sketch questionnaire =
+
+{{{
+#!html
+
+<style media="all" type="text/css">
+      body {font-family:Arial,serif;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-size:14.666668px;vertical-align:0%;color:#000000;text-decoration:none;text-transform:none}
+      a:link {color:#000080;text-decoration:underline}
+      p.Heading2 {margin-left:0;margin-right:0;margin-top:24.0px;margin-bottom:8.012598px;border:none;padding:0;text-indent:0;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:21.333334px}
+      p.Standard {margin-left:0;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;border:none;padding:0;text-indent:0;font-size:14.666667px}
+      .listlevel1WWNum5 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel2WWNum5 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
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+      .listlevel4WWNum5 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
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+      .listlevel1WWNum4 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel2WWNum4 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
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+      .listlevel7WWNum10 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel8WWNum10 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
+      .listlevel9WWNum10 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:square;clear:left}
+      .listlevel1WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel2WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
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+      .listlevel4WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel5WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
+      .listlevel6WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:square;clear:left}
+      .listlevel7WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel8WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
+      .listlevel9WWNum1 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:square;clear:left}
+      .listlevel1WWNum9 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel2WWNum9 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
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+      .listlevel4WWNum8 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
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+      .listlevel1WWNum7 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
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+      .listlevel1WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel2WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
+      .listlevel3WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:square;clear:left}
+      .listlevel4WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel5WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
+      .listlevel6WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:square;clear:left}
+      .listlevel7WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:disc;clear:left}
+      .listlevel8WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:bullet;clear:left}
+      .listlevel9WWNum6 {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:square;clear:left}
+    </style>
+    <p class="Heading2" dir="ltr" style="margin-top:24.0px;margin-bottom:8.012598px"><a id="omegwvmj9oeu"></a><a id="bkmomegwvmj9oeu"></a></p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">In case of questions about parts of speech, please refer to the <a href="http://universaldependencies.org/u/pos/"><span style="color:#1155cc;text-decoration:underline">universal dependencies tagset</span></a>, if possible</p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">and/or</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum6">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What are the words for and/or?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum6">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Are there other means that normally express “X and/or Y”? E.g. “as well as” in English?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum6">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate <span style="color:#ff0000">(and indicate how the words match, if it is not 1:1)</span>:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum6">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“dog and cat”:____________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“white or black door”:______________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Direct verb object</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum9">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What parts of speech are typically objects?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is the object typically before or after (or both) the verb?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the verb and the object?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">In case of passive constructions (like “Larry was informed”):</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">How is the passive expressed? (e.g. be+participle in English)</p>
+            <ul class="listlevel3WWNum9">
+              <li>
+                <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:144.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________________________________________</p>
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is the object (Larry) typically before or after the verb?</p>
+            <ul class="listlevel3WWNum9">
+              <li>
+                <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:144.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_________</p>
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the verb (was informed) and the object(Larry)?</p>
+            <ul class="listlevel3WWNum9">
+              <li>
+                <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:144.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_____________________</p>
+              </li>
+            </ul>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is it usual that the subject is not expressed in the sentence, or is the subject mandatory, as in English? Please give examples with translations:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate <span style="color:#ff0000">(and indicate how the words match, if it is not 1:1)</span>:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Paul quickly bought a new car”: ___________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Larry gave a photo to Jane”: ________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px"> “Larry was informed”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Larry was informed by Jane”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Fresh young Jane helped small old Larry”: ____________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“The car which has been painted belongs to Larry”: _____________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Verb subject</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum9">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What parts of speech are typically subjects?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is the subject typically before or after (or both) the verb?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Can there be a confusion between subject and object in sentences like “Larry helped Harry” (in some languages it is not clear who helped whom)? Is it somehow marked, and how?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the verb and the subject?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Adjective predicates</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum12">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">How do you say “Larry is nice”, “that car is blue”? What words, parts of speech -- please describe:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum12">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_____________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum12">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Larry is nice”: __________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“That car is blue”: __________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“The man was happy”: _________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“The man who was smiling helped Larry”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“The car which is very fast belongs to Larry”: ________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Noun predicates:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum8">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">How do you say “Larry is a policeman”, “that car is an SUV“? What words, parts of speech -- please describe:<br />_____________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum8">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Larry is a policeman”: __________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“That car is an SUV”: __________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“The meeting was a big success”: _________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“The man who was a policeman helped Larry”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“The car which is an SUV belongs to Larry”: ________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Pronominal (direct verb) object:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum3">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">When the object is a pronoun (“I”, “you”), is it before or after (or both) the verb?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the verb and the pronoun object?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is it possible to list all the pronoun word forms that can work as objects? If yes, please list them, if not, list at least some of the word forms. Also include translations:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Larry helped him”: ____________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Larry quickly bought it in the shop”: _____________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“I can buy it”: ________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Pronominal (verb) subject:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum3">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">When the subject is a pronoun (“I”, “you”), is it before or after (or both) the verb?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the verb and the pronoun subject?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is it possible to list all the pronoun word forms that can work as subjects? If yes, please list them, if not, list at least some of the word forms. Also include translations:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Can there be a confusion between pronominal subject and object in sentences like “she helped him” (in some languages it is not clear who helped whom)? Is it somehow marked, and how?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum3">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“He helped Larry”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“I quickly bought a drink in the shop”: ______________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“It was awesome”: ___________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Noun phrases:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum9">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What parts of speech can modify a noun? (e.g. noun or adjective in English)</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is the modifier typically before or after (or both) the noun?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the noun and the modifier?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:0"> </p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum9">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Does the language use determiners, and where in the noun phrase they are?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">______________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Old Jack”:___________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“That old Jack”: _____________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“That old Jack with that hat”: _____________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“USB cable”: ______________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Long USB cable”: _____________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Internet connection”: ____________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Adjective phrases:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum9">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What parts of speech can modify an adjective? (is it only adverb?)</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is the modifier typically before or after (or both) the adjective?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the adjective and the modifier?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum9">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Dark green”: _________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Undoubtedly better”: _______________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">When adverb modifies a verb:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum11">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Is the adverb typically before or after (or both) the verb?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum11">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the verb and the adverb?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum11">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum11">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack tremendously succeeded”: ____________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack ate the cake very quickly”: _______________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Multi-word verb forms:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum5">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Are there verbs composed of more words, e.g. as English “I have done”, “I have been told”, “I did not tell”, “I was informed”, “they have been informed”? Please describe (and translate):</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum5">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">How is the passive voice expressed?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum5">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Does your language use phrasal verbs (like “get up”, “take off”). Please explain how and list the particles, if possible:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum5">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What words (in terms of parts of speech) or phrases can there be between the verb and the particle? ______________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Possesors:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum2">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">How do you say “John’s book”, “Book of mine”? Please explain</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum2">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum2">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“John’s book”: ______________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“President’s decision”: ___________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Communication of the Ministry”: ________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Wh-words:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum1">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Are there wh- words that can be recognized in your language (like “which”, “where”, “who”, ...)? Can you list all, or at least most frequent of them?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum1">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Please include 2 short examples of wh-word use with translation:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum1">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Reflexives:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum1">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Are there reflexive pronouns in your language (“myself”, “itself”, “ourselves”)? Can you list all, or at least most frequent of them?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum1">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Please include 2 short examples of use of these reflexives, with translation:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum1">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0">It+:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum13">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Do you say “It’s ADJ to do something”? Explain how it is expressed, and give 2 short examples:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum13">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Prepositional phrases:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum10">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Does your language use prepositions, postpositions, or both?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum10">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_____________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Describe the usual structures of an adpositional phrase (e.g. “ADP DET NOUN”, “ADP DET ADJ NOUN” for English):</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum10">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">What parts of speech can an adpositional phrase modify (noun/verb/adjective)?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum10">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_____________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">When the adpositional phrase modifies a noun/verb/adjective, is it usually before or after the noun/verb/adjective?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum10">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum10">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“This is Jack from London“: ______________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“This is Jack from the white city”: _____________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack is from London”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack went to the white city”: _______________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack bought the car in London”: _______________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Modal verbs:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum4">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px"><span style="background-color:#ffffff">How do you express modality such as permission, ability....? (</span>In English, there are modal verbs like “can”, “may”) Please describe:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum4">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">If there are modal verbs or particles, can you list all (or at least the most frequent) of them, with translations?</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum4">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Translate:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum4">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack can be a programmer”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack may be a programmer”: _________________________</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">“Jack would be a programmer (if …)”: _____________________</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold"> </p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;font-weight:bold">Notable constructions:</p>
+    <ul class="listlevel1WWNum7">
+      <li>
+        <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">Are there some notable constructions that a learner of the language or a linguist may want to see? Examples for English:</p>
+        <ul class="listlevel2WWNum7">
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">the word is predominantly used in plural, OR</p>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:96.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:-24.0px">the verb is very often used with “used to” or with “may”.</p>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+    </ul>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-left:48.0px;margin-right:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;text-indent:0">Please explain and give examples: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________</p>
+    <p class="Standard" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> </p>
+
+}}}
+